Introduction to CCHIC critical care data

Episode and ICU stay timeline

We introduced the concept of ‘episode’ as the fundamental entity of EHRs, which comprises all the data being recorded during the ICU stay. Each episode also contains the demographic information of the patient, ward transferring origin and destination within a hospital and diagnosis information. It allows us to link episode data from a single patient across the entire multi-centre database. The key dates and times are recorded as follow.

library(cleanEHR)
data("sample_ccd")

# Extract all non-longitudinal data (demographic, time, survival status, diagnosis)
dt <- ccd_demographic_table(ccd, dtype=TRUE)

ccd_demographic_table function returns a table of all non-time-varying fields alongside with several derived fields – the fields that are not directly recorded in the original data. Each row of the table is a unique admission, and every column is a non-time-varying data field.

• pid: unique patient ID derived from NHS number or PAS number.
• AGE: date of birth - unit admission time
• spell: see Spell

print(dt[1:3, ])

##          ICNNO bed02 bed03 bed05 bed50 NHSNO pasno ADNO  DOB PCODE GPCODE
## 1: pseudo_site  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL    1 NULL  WC1E   NULL
## 2: pseudo_site  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL    2 NULL  NULL   NULL
## 3: pseudo_site  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL  NULL    3 NULL  NULL   NULL
##    ETHNIC SEX   HCM HCMEST WKG WKGEST        DAH               DAICU DWFRD
## 1:      C   F 164.7      N  41      N 1969-12-12 1970-01-01T01:00:00  NULL
## 2:      L   F    NA      Y  73      Y 1969-12-24 1970-01-01T01:00:00  NULL
## 3:      A   F    NA      Y  45      Y 1970-01-01 1970-01-01T01:00:00  NULL
##    TWFRD DDICU DUDICU  DDH DUDH UDIS RESA HLOCA LOCA PA_V3 SCODE CLASSNS
## 1:  NULL  NULL   NULL NULL NULL NULL    M     S    W     L   370    NULL
## 2:  NULL  NULL   NULL NULL NULL NULL    M     S    W     L   350    NULL
## 3:  NULL  NULL   NULL NULL NULL NULL    M     S    E     L   303    NULL
##    CCL2D CCL3D RDIS_V3 LOCD TNESSD LEVD DIS DOAH SOHA PLOCA TUADNO DOAICU
## 1:     1     0    NULL NULL   NULL NULL   D NULL NULL  NULL     NA   NULL
## 2:     2    21    NULL NULL   NULL NULL   D NULL NULL  NULL     NA   NULL
## 3:     0     1    NULL NULL   NULL NULL   D NULL NULL     N     NA   NULL
##    TUIDI TYPEIHA  TGA  CCA      DLCCA HLOCD SOHD TYPEIHD  TGD HDIS  CCD
## 1:  NULL    NULL NULL    O 1969-12-31  NULL NULL    NULL NULL NULL NULL
## 2:  NULL    NULL NULL    N       NULL  NULL NULL    NULL NULL NULL NULL
## 3:  NULL    NULL NULL NULL       NULL  NULL NULL    NULL NULL NULL NULL
##    DFCCD DESTH_V3 RESD UHDIS PSP CPR_V3 RAICU1 RAICU2 URAICU CHEMOX RADIOX
## 1:  NULL     NULL NULL  NULL   0      N   NULL   NULL   NULL      0      0
## 2:  NULL     NULL NULL  NULL   0      N   NULL   NULL   NULL      0      0
## 3:  NULL     NULL NULL  NULL   0      N   NULL   NULL   NULL      0      0
##    CICIDS AMLALLMM CMLCLL LYM META CRRX BPC HE PH AIDS_V3 HV SRD STERX
## 1:      0        0      0   0    1    0   0  0  0       0  0   0     0
## 2:      0        0      0   0    0    0   0  0  0    NULL  0   0     0
## 3:      0        1      0   0    0    0   0  0  0       0  0   0     0
##    VSCD OCPMH DEP apache_score apache_prob TNESSA DHRS AMUAI ORGAN_SUPPORT
## 1:    0         N           18       31.17      T   NA  NULL             1
## 2:    0         A           12       15.87      T   NA     0             4
## 3:    0 2.4.2   A           53       99.69      T   NA  NULL             3
##    ARSD BRSD ACSD BCSD RSD NSD LSD DSD GSD ITW_V3        DTW   TTW BSDTP
## 1:    0    1    0    0   0   0   0   0   1      N       NULL  NULL     0
## 2:   21    1    3   20   0   2   0   0  21      N       NULL  NULL     0
## 3:    1    0    0    1   0   1   0   0   0      W 2014-02-05 17:39     0
##    DDBSD TDBSD        DOD   TOD REFOD OD_V3 DBRICU TBRICU pid spell   AGE
## 1:  NULL  NULL 1970-01-01 13:55     1     N   NULL  15:30  20    23    NA
## 2:  NULL  NULL 1970-01-22 11:20     1     N   NULL  15:00  22    25 49.75
## 3:  NULL  NULL 1970-01-01 19:17     1     N   NULL  21:00  26    30    NA
##    index
## 1:     1
## 2:     2
## 3:     3

Data missing are caused by many reasons. We have to understand that in such a large database, the data quality varies. In the anonymised dataset, data can be missing due to security reason. Missing data are either NULL or “NA” depending on the field data type.

Demographic data

Every patient in England has a unique NHS number and PAS (Patient Admission System) number. These can be used to identify a unique patient. Other demographic information can also be found in the CCHIC dataset such as age, sex, GP code, postcode and so on. Most of the demographic data will be removed, pseudonimised, or modified in the anonymised dataset to protect the patient privacy.

Spell

Ward transferring within or beyond ICUs are counted as different episodes respectively. In some research, one may be interested in looking at the sickness development and the treatment history beyond each ICU stays. A spell includes number of episodes from a unique patient which occured in a user defined period One can link episodes by spell ID.

head(ccd_unique_spell(ccd, duration=1)[, c("episode_id", "spell")])

##    episode_id spell
## 1:          1     1
## 2:          2     2
## 3:          3     3
## 4:          4     4
## 5:          5     5
## 6:          6     6

Diagnosis data

Instead of using free text, we adopted ICNARC diagnosis code system to record the diagnosis. The full ICNARC code is a five digit number separated with dots. From left to right each digit represents a higher category of diagnosis. Due to the privacy concerns, in the anonysmised dataset, last two digits will be removed. One may use the function icnarc2diagnosis to look up the diagnosis code.

icnarc2diagnosis("1.1")

## [1] "Respiratory (Surgical)"

icnarc2diagnosis("1.1.4")

## [1] "Lungs (Surgical)"

icnarc2diagnosis("1.1.4.27.1")

## [1] "Bacterial pneumonia (Surgical)"

Longitudinal data

CCHIC measures 154 longitudinal data. The full list of longitudinal data are shown below.

We can also easily plot the data from a single selected admission.

plot_episode(ccd@episodes[[7]], c("h_rate",  "bilirubin", "fluid_balance_d"))