1.1.1 Absolute frequency matrix (CountMatrix)

We denote the \(m \times p\) count matrix by \(A = \left[ a_{ij} \right] ~\forall i \in \left[ 1,m \right], j \in \left[ 1,p \right]\) with row and column sums:

\[\begin{align} a_{i \cdot} = \sum_{j = 1}^{p} a_{ij} && a_{\cdot j} = \sum_{i = 1}^{m} a_{ij} && a_{\cdot \cdot} = \sum_{i = 1}^{m} \sum_{j = 1}^{p} a_{ij} && \forall a_{ij} \in \mathbb{N} \end{align}\]

1.1.2 Relative frequency matrix (AbundanceMatrix)

A frequency matrix represents relative abundances.

We denote the \(m \times p\) frequency matrix by \(B = \left[ b_{ij} \right] ~\forall i \in \left[ 1,m \right], j \in \left[ 1,p \right]\) with row and column sums:

\[\begin{align} b_{i \cdot} = \sum_{j = 1}^{p} b_{ij} = 1 && b_{\cdot j} = \sum_{i = 1}^{m} b_{ij} && b_{\cdot \cdot} = \sum_{i = 1}^{m} \sum_{j = 1}^{p} b_{ij} && \forall b_{ij} \in \left[ 0,1 \right] \end{align}\]

1.1.3 Co-occurrence matrix (OccurrenceMatrix)

A co-occurrence matrix is a symmetric matrix with zeros on its main diagonal, which works out how many times (expressed in percent) each pairs of taxa occur together in at least one sample.

The \(p \times p\) co-occurrence matrix \(D = \left[ d_{i,j} \right] ~\forall i,j \in \left[ 1,p \right]\) is defined over an \(m \times p\) abundance matrix \(A = \left[ a_{x,y} \right] ~\forall x \in \left[ 1,m \right], y \in \left[ 1,p \right]\) as:

\[ d_{i,j} = \sum_{x = 1}^{m} \bigcap_{y = i}^{j} a_{xy} \]

with row and column sums:

\[\begin{align} d_{i \cdot} = \sum_{j \geqslant i}^{p} d_{ij} && d_{\cdot j} = \sum_{i \leqslant j}^{p} d_{ij} && d_{\cdot \cdot} = \sum_{i = 1}^{p} \sum_{j \geqslant i}^{p} d_{ij} && \forall d_{ij} \in \mathbb{N} \end{align}\]

1.2.1 Incidence matrix (IncidenceMatrix)

We denote the \(m \times p\) incidence matrix by \(C = \left[ c_{ij} \right] ~\forall i \in \left[ 1,m \right], j \in \left[ 1,p \right]\) with row and column sums:

\[\begin{align} c_{i \cdot} = \sum_{j = 1}^{p} c_{ij} && c_{\cdot j} = \sum_{i = 1}^{m} c_{ij} && c_{\cdot \cdot} = \sum_{i = 1}^{m} \sum_{j = 1}^{p} c_{ij} && \forall c_{ij} \in \lbrace 0,1 \rbrace \end{align}\]